Technology9

Category: Software Engineering

  • Session Layer : OSI Model

    The Session Layer (Layer 5 of the OSI model) orchestrates and manages dialogs between devices, ensuring structured and organized communication. It acts as a controller of sessions, focusing on establishing, maintaining, and terminating connections across networked systems. This layer abstracts lower-level complexities while delivering session-related functionalities to applications, such as synchronization, dialog control, and checkpointing.…

  • Network Layer : OSI Model

    The Network Layer (Layer 3 of the OSI model) is a pivotal component in computer networking, responsible for end-to-end delivery of data across interconnected networks. It abstracts the complexities of routing and addressing, ensuring data packets traverse multiple networks efficiently and reliably. Core Responsibilities 1. Logical AddressingThe layer assigns unique logical addresses (IP addresses) to…

  • HTML (PWA) : Web Manifest

    A Web App Manifest is a JSON file that defines the metadata required to make a web application installable and resemble native mobile or desktop applications. It is a core component of Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) and plays a pivotal role in enhancing user experience by enabling features like a custom home screen icon, a…

  • HTML : Internationalization (I18N), Handling Multilingual Content & Text Direction

    As the web becomes increasingly global, ensuring content is accessible and correctly displayed in multiple languages is a critical aspect of web development. This process, known as Internationalization (I18N), allows developers to design web applications that cater to diverse linguistic and cultural audiences. Key HTML elements and attributes, such as the lang attribute, <bdi>, and…

  • CEP (Complex Event Processing)

    Complex Event Processing (CEP) is an advanced data processing paradigm designed to analyze and act on multiple events in real time, identifying patterns, correlations, and aggregations from streams of data. In contrast to Simple Event Processing, CEP enables systems to derive meaningful information from the occurrence and relationships of different events, making it ideal for…

  • Risk Matrix : Security & Downtown

    A Risk Matrix is a strategic tool used in project management and software engineering to evaluate and prioritize risks by mapping them against two critical parameters: likelihood of occurrence and impact severity. This visual representation simplifies decision-making, enabling teams to allocate resources effectively to mitigate risks. The matrix is often a grid where rows represent…

  • Glib Library

    Glib is a low-level core library in the GNOME ecosystem, designed to provide essential utilities and data structures that facilitate software development in C. It abstracts common programming tasks, such as memory management, threading, and data manipulation, enabling developers to focus on higher-level functionality without reinventing the wheel. Glib is not restricted to GNOME but…

  • Microservices

    Microservices, a cornerstone of modern software architecture, decompose applications into a collection of loosely coupled, independently deployable services. Each service is responsible for a specific domain within the larger application and communicates with other services typically via lightweight APIs, often RESTful or message-based. This contrasts with monolithic architectures where components are tightly interdependent. Microservices promote…

  • Consistent Hashing : Distributed System

    Consistent hashing is a specialized hashing technique that plays a pivotal role in building distributed systems, particularly in scenarios where you need to evenly distribute data across a dynamic set of nodes. Unlike traditional hashing, which can lead to significant data movement when nodes are added or removed, consistent hashing ensures minimal disruption and maintains…

  • Memcached: A High-Performance In-Memory Caching System

    Memcached is an open-source, high-performance, distributed memory caching system designed to accelerate dynamic web applications by alleviating database load. It is primarily used for caching frequently accessed data, such as database query results, API responses, or even session data, to improve performance and reduce latency. How Memcached Works Memcached operates on a simple key-value store…

  • Lighthouse for Performance, Accessibility, and SEO Optimization

    In the modern web development landscape, ensuring that your website is not only functional but also optimized for performance, accessibility, and search engine optimization (SEO) is crucial for providing a seamless user experience. A tool that has become indispensable for developers in achieving this goal is Lighthouse. Developed by Google, Lighthouse is an open-source, automated…

  • CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) and Mitigation

    Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) is a sophisticated attack that exploits the trust a website has in a user’s browser. CSRF targets users who are authenticated and logged into a web application, manipulating them into performing unintended actions without their consent. Since the browser automatically includes the user’s authentication credentials (such as cookies) in every request…

  • DMA (Direct memory Access)

    Direct Memory Access (DMA) is a system feature that allows hardware devices to transfer data directly to or from main memory without involving the CPU, improving overall efficiency and freeing up CPU resources for other tasks. In typical data transfers, the CPU handles the data movement, which can be time-consuming, especially for large volumes of…

  • Request for Change (RFC)

    A Request for Change (RFC) is a formalized mechanism for documenting, assessing, and approving modifications to a system, software, or process within an SDLC framework. It ensures that proposed changes are evaluated for their feasibility, impact, and alignment with project objectives. RFCs are essential in environments requiring controlled evolution of systems, such as in Agile,…

  • CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation)

    CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation) is an architectural pattern used in software design to separate read operations (queries) from write operations (commands), aiming to optimize performance, scalability, and security. It is particularly effective in systems that experience high traffic, such as e-commerce platforms, social networks, and financial applications, where different operations have differing performance and…

  • Reverse Proxies

    Reverse Proxies are intermediary servers that handle client requests before they reach the backend server. Unlike forward proxies, which serve client requests by masking client identity, reverse proxies sit in front of web servers to distribute, optimize, and secure incoming traffic. Their primary function is to route client requests to the appropriate backend server while…

  • Forward Proxies

    Proxies act as intermediaries between clients and servers, handling and routing requests while abstracting the details of the underlying network infrastructure. In computer science, proxies offer numerous advantages such as privacy, security, performance improvement, and load distribution. By masking the client’s IP address, proxies enable users to access resources indirectly, often enhancing security or bypassing…

  • TLD (Top Level Domain)

    A Top-Level Domain (TLD) is the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System (DNS) structure, used to classify and manage domain names on the internet. It is the last segment of a domain name, positioned after the final dot. For example, in the domain name “example.com,” the TLD is “com.” Types of TLDs TLDs…

  • Read Duplicates : Distributed System

    In distributed systems, read duplicates refer to the occurrence of multiple, identical reads of the same data in a system, particularly when the data is being retrieved from different nodes or replicas. These duplicates often arise in systems that employ replication strategies for high availability and fault tolerance. While read duplicates may seem like a…

  • Simple Event Processing

    Simple Event Processing (SEP) is an event-driven approach often employed in real-time systems where individual events trigger direct responses without complex pattern recognition or state tracking. In SEP, each event is handled independently, ideal for low-latency applications such as IoT devices, logging, or monitoring systems, where immediate action is required upon event occurrence. Core Characteristics…

  • Database Indexes

    A database index is a data structure used to improve the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table at the cost of additional space and overhead. Indexes are fundamental to optimizing query performance, especially when dealing with large datasets. A database index works similarly to the index in a book, allowing quick access…

  • Rendering Migration Strategy

    A migration strategy is a comprehensive, organized approach designed to move applications, systems, or data from one environment to another, often with minimal disruption and maximum efficiency. The choice of migration strategy depends on factors such as the complexity of the system, the target environment, and risk tolerance. It plays a vital role in system…

  • Migrating Infra : Migration Starter

    Migration starter refers to the initial phase of moving a system, application, or database from one environment to another. This process can encompass a variety of tasks such as moving from legacy systems to modern architectures, transitioning between cloud providers, or upgrading a database system. A proper migration starter is crucial for ensuring that the…

  • Hash Map

    A Hash Map (or Hash Table) is one of the most fundamental and widely used data structures in computer science, providing an efficient way to store key-value pairs. The primary operation in a hash map is the ability to associate a key with a value, and retrieve that value in near constant time. This makes…

  • BASE Compliance

    BASE compliance is a term primarily used within the context of distributed systems, especially in relation to NoSQL databases. BASE stands for Basically Available, Soft state, Eventually consistent, which serves as an alternative to the ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) properties typically associated with relational databases. It is a concept critical for ensuring system reliability…

  • UAT (User Acceptance Testing)

    User Acceptance Testing (UAT) is the final phase of the Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC). It ensures that the delivered system meets user requirements and is ready for deployment in a production environment. UAT focuses on validating the software from an end-user perspective, simulating real-world usage scenarios to ensure the system behaves as intended. Purpose…

  • System Architecture Document in SDLC

    The System Architecture Document (SAD) is an essential deliverable in the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), defining the structure, interactions, and dependencies of system components. It serves as a blueprint for the technical team to design and implement the software system in alignment with business and technical goals. This document is pivotal for ensuring scalability,…

  • Technical Requirements Document (TRD)

    The Technical Requirements Document (TRD) is a critical component in the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), specifically during the planning and design phases. It bridges the gap between business-oriented requirements (captured in an FRD or BRD) and the technical implementation by defining detailed technical specifications. TRD provides engineers, developers, and architects with precise guidelines to…

  • System Monitoring Plan (SMP)

    A System Monitoring Plan (SMP) is a critical component in the architecture and operation of any software system, especially in large-scale distributed systems. It involves the continuous surveillance of system performance, health, security, and operational behavior to ensure smooth functioning, early detection of issues, and optimal resource usage. For software engineers and Ph.D. students, designing…

  • Hyper-Threading : Concepts & Implementation

    Hyper-Threading (HT) is a technology introduced by Intel that allows a single physical processor core to appear as two logical cores to the operating system, enabling more efficient CPU resource utilization. While this technology increases the throughput of a system, it also necessitates understanding and managing system compliance and performance implications, especially in high-performance and…

  • Functional Requirements Document (FRD)

    The Functional Requirements Document (FRD) is a critical artifact in the SDLC that details the specific functional requirements of a system or application. It acts as a blueprint for stakeholders, developers, and testers by explicitly stating what the system should do. Unlike a BRD, which focuses on high-level business needs, the FRD delves into the…

  • JSON : (Data Interchange Format)

    JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-interchange format that is widely used for storing and exchanging structured information between systems. Its simplicity, flexibility, and language-agnostic design make it a cornerstone of modern web development, API design, and data serialization. JSON structures data using key-value pairs, arrays, and objects, making it both human-readable and machine-parsable.…

  • GDPR Compliance: Ensuring Data Privacy

    The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), enacted by the European Union (EU) in 2018, is a robust legal framework designed to safeguard the privacy and personal data of EU citizens. It applies to any organization, whether within the EU or not, that processes data related to individuals residing in the EU. GDPR compliance is a…

  • Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Documentation

    The SDLC process is systematically organized into distinct phases, each requiring specific documentation to ensure clarity, traceability, and quality outcomes. Below is a detailed, jargon-rich elaboration of the key documents created in each phase of the SDLC. Phase 1: Planning This foundational stage focuses on establishing the project’s scope, goals, and resource requirements. 1. Project…

  • Request for Quotation (RFQ)

    A Request for Quotation (RFQ) is a procurement process where a buyer solicits detailed pricing information, terms, and conditions from multiple suppliers for specific goods or services. RFQs are highly focused on cost and quantity rather than design or execution methodology, making them suitable for well-defined projects or products with minimal scope variation. Key Components…

  • Request for Proposal (RFP)

    A Request for Proposal (RFP) is a structured document issued by organizations to solicit proposals from potential vendors or contractors for specific projects, services, or products. It serves as a formal invitation to bid and provides a framework for evaluating and selecting the best vendor or solution. The RFP process is vital in industries like…

  • Software Requirements Specification (SRS)

    The Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document serves as a blueprint for the development of a software system. It details all functional and non-functional requirements, ensuring alignment between stakeholders and development teams. The SRS is integral to project success, providing a foundation for design, implementation, and testing. Purpose of an SRS 1. Unambiguous Communication: Acts as…

  • Test Requirements Specification (TRS)

    The Test Requirements Specification (TRS) is a foundational document in software quality assurance, detailing the specific testing requirements for a software system or module. Its primary goal is to ensure that all necessary conditions and criteria for testing are identified and documented before development begins, serving as a roadmap for the testing phase. Purpose of…

  • SOW(Statement of Work) : SDLC Documentation

    Statement of Work (SOW) is a formal document that defines the scope, objectives, deliverables, and timelines for a project. Often used in contract negotiations, SOW ensures clarity between stakeholders, such as clients and vendors. It minimizes ambiguity by outlining project expectations in detail. In software engineering, it is critical for aligning teams, especially for large-scale…

  • Load Balancing

    Load balancing is the process of balancing the load across multiple servers in case the peak load is achieved, the load needs to be distributed across multiple servers running multiple services. The app traffic load will be distributed across multiple servers to keep the website/app running smoothly. The traffic  WILL BE DISTRIBUTED ACROSS MULTIPLE SERVERS so that the content can be served with low latency and high…

  • TCP / IP Model

    The TCP/IP model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the backbone of internet and network communication. It outlines how data is transferred between devices over a network in a four-layered structure: 1. Link Layer (Network Access Layer): This layer includes protocols that deal with the physical aspects of data transfer, including Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and hardware addressing.…

  • IMAP (E-mailing Protocol Stack)SMTP (E-mailing Protocol Stack)

    IMAP, short for Internet Message Access Protocol, is a highly utilized protocol in email systems that allows users to access their email on remote mail servers. Unlike POP (Post Office Protocol), which downloads emails to a local client, IMAP offers a more sophisticated approach by enabling users to view, organize, and manipulate emails directly on…

  • HTTP Methods : Deep Dive

    HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the foundation of communication on the World Wide Web. HTTP methods, often referred to as “verbs,” define the type of action a client wants to perform on a given resource identified by a URL. These methods play a crucial role in RESTful APIs, enabling CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations.…

  • Rate Limiting Compliance

    Rate limiting is a fundamental technique used to control the amount of traffic sent or received by an application, API, or system within a specific time frame. By regulating how frequently requests can be made, rate limiting prevents system overloads, ensures fair usage, and provides protection against abuse or malicious activities. From a compliance standpoint,…

  • LLD (Low Level Design)

    Low-Level Design (LLD) is a crucial phase in the software development lifecycle where the system’s components and interactions are designed in detail. LLD focuses on the implementation of the design from a developer’s perspective, detailing class structures, databases, APIs, and algorithms. It is more granular than High-Level Design (HLD) and is critical for developers to…

  • Material Design : Google Design Framework

    Material Design is a design language developed by Google in 2014 to create visually appealing, consistent, and user-friendly interfaces across devices and platforms. It emphasizes minimalism, depth, motion, and grid-based layouts, enhancing the user experience (UX) and user interface (UI) design for both mobile and web applications. Core Principles of Material Design 1. Material Metaphor:…

  • High-Level Design (HLD) :  YouTube

    The High-Level Design (HLD) for YouTube captures the main components, services, and interactions within the system. It outlines the architecture that supports a large-scale, highly scalable, robust, and secure video-sharing platform capable of managing billions of videos and users globally. 1. System Components Overview: Client Applications: Interfaces through which users interact with YouTube (mobile apps,…

  • High Level Design : UBER

    Here’s a High-Level Design (HLD) for the advanced Uber system based on the components and architecture described earlier. This HLD focuses on key components, their interactions, and the overall flow of data within the system. High-Level Design for Uber System 1. System Overview: Users: Riders, Drivers, Admins. Core Modules: API Gateway, Authentication, Ride Matching, Location…

  • Cron jobs (process automation)

    A cron job is a scheduled task that automates repetitive processes in Unix-like systems using the cron daemon. It is highly useful for managing periodic operations, such as system maintenance, backups, or data syncing. Cron jobs are configured in the crontab file, which uses a precise syntax to specify task timing. Crontab Syntax and Scheduling…

  • V shape Development model

    The V-Shape Development model, also known as the Verification and Validation model, is a software development methodology that emphasizes a sequential path of development phases, where each development phase has a corresponding testing phase. This model is an extension of the Waterfall model but integrates validation tasks at every stage. It is particularly useful for…

  • AES 256 Compliance :  Ensuring Robust Data Encryption

    AES 256 (Advanced Encryption Standard) is widely regarded as one of the most secure encryption algorithms available today, especially for protecting sensitive data. AES 256-bit encryption is the highest security level defined within the AES family, which is used globally for everything from securing government communications to encrypting personal data in cloud storage and financial…

  • System Design : YouTube

    YouTube is a video-sharing platform where users can upload, view, like, comment, and share videos. With over 2 billion monthly active users, YouTube’s architecture needs to support real-time video streaming, high availability, global distribution, user-generated content, and secure data management. This advanced system design for YouTube adheres to modern FANG (Facebook, Amazon, Netflix, Google) protocols,…

  • High Level Design : Whatsapp

    Here’s the High-Level Design (HLD) for an advanced WhatsApp system, focusing on key components and their interactions 1. System Overview: Users: WhatsApp clients (mobile, web, desktop). Core Modules: API Gateway, Authentication, Message Delivery, Push Notification, Media Management, Group Management, Data Analytics, End-to-End Encryption (E2EE), etc. Key Components and Interactions: 1. Client Applications: Purpose: Mobile apps…