Category: SWE
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Functional programming
Functional programming (FP) is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids changing-state and mutable data. It is based on the principles of lambda calculus and has been widely adopted in many programming languages, from JavaScript and Python to Haskell and Scala. At its core, FP promotes immutability, first-class…
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BAKOK Framework
The BAKOK Framework is an emerging architectural model designed to aid organizations in achieving optimal business agility and operational efficiency. The framework is structured to address key challenges faced by businesses in the digital era, such as rapid market changes, complex technology ecosystems, and the need for integration across various departments. The BAKOK framework provides…
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Forward proxy
A Forward Proxy is an intermediary server that sits between a client (typically a user’s device) and the internet. It serves as a gateway to access websites and services, forwarding requests from the client to the destination server. The forward proxy is commonly used for purposes such as security, privacy, content filtering, or managing network…
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Enterprise Architecture
Enterprise Architecture (EA) is a strategic approach to designing, planning, and managing the structure of an organization’s information systems and business processes. It provides a holistic framework that aligns IT infrastructure with business goals, ensuring that technology, data, and business processes are optimized and interconnected. EA helps organizations streamline their operations, enhance agility, and reduce…
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Smart Routing
Smart Routing refers to the intelligent and adaptive distribution of network traffic based on real-time conditions, performance metrics, and system configurations. Unlike traditional load balancing, which follows predefined algorithms (like round-robin or least connections), smart routing takes into account a wide range of factors, including network congestion, server health, geographic location, and application-specific requirements. This…
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Cron Jobs
Cron jobs are a powerful feature in Unix-like operating systems, enabling the automation of scheduled tasks. They allow system administrators and developers to execute commands or scripts at specified times and intervals without manual intervention. These scheduled tasks can range from system maintenance operations to running backup scripts or sending out automated emails. Understanding cron…
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ARPNET
The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was a groundbreaking computer network developed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Defense in 1969. It laid the foundation for the modern internet by pioneering concepts such as packet switching and decentralized communication. ARPANET’s legacy is not just its technical innovation but also its profound societal…
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HATEOAS
HATEOAS (Hypermedia as the Engine of Application State) is a concept in RESTful web service design that enhances the flexibility and scalability of client-server communication. Part of the foundational principles of REST (Representational State Transfer), HATEOAS allows a client to interact with a server entirely through the provided hypermedia links, without needing prior knowledge of…
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MVC Pattern
The Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern is a cornerstone of modern software architecture, particularly in web development. It provides a structured approach to developing scalable and maintainable applications by decoupling application logic, user interface, and data management. This article explores the advanced nuances of MVC, its components, and practical implementation. Core Components of MVC 1. ModelThe Model…
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MVP Pattern
The Model-View-Presenter (MVP) pattern is a software architectural design used primarily in developing user interfaces. It’s a derivative of the MVC (Model-View-Controller) pattern, but with a distinct focus on improving the decoupling of components and enhancing testability, especially for UI-heavy applications. The MVP pattern is widely employed in desktop and mobile applications, as well as…
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Public End Point of API
A public endpoint of an API (Application Programming Interface) serves as the primary entry point for external clients to interact with a system’s functionalities and data. Accessible over the internet, public endpoints facilitate seamless communication between applications, enabling third-party developers and organizations to integrate their services with the API provider. These endpoints are integral in…
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VOIP Service
Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) has become a transformative technology that enables voice communication to be transmitted over the internet rather than through traditional telephone lines. VOIP services have revolutionized the way we communicate, offering cost-effective, scalable, and high-quality communication solutions for both individuals and businesses. By converting voice data into digital packets and sending…
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Private End Point of API
A private endpoint of an API is a secure and restricted entry point designed for internal communication within a system. Unlike public endpoints, private endpoints are not accessible over the open internet. They serve internal services, applications, or trusted clients within a controlled environment. These endpoints are essential for maintaining security, enforcing access control, and…
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RTC Protocol
Real-Time Communication (RTC) protocols are the backbone of modern communication technologies, facilitating instant data exchange, voice, and video streaming across the internet. The RTC protocol defines a standard for real-time interaction between users over networks, supporting voice calls, video conferencing, and instant messaging. It is particularly crucial in industries such as telemedicine, online education, and…
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QUIC Protocol
QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections) is a modern transport protocol designed to improve web performance by reducing latency and optimizing network efficiency. Initially developed by Google, QUIC is built on top of UDP (User Datagram Protocol), a connectionless protocol that provides higher flexibility and performance compared to its predecessor, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). QUIC is…
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Email Testing
Email testing is a critical aspect of ensuring that emails are delivered effectively, accurately, and professionally. As one of the most widely used communication tools, emails serve as the backbone of business correspondence, marketing campaigns, and user engagement. However, with the wide variety of email clients and devices in use today, ensuring that emails render…
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Polynomial Runtime
Polynomial runtime, denoted as in Big-O notation, describes algorithms whose execution time scales as a polynomial function of the input size . Here, represents the degree of the polynomial, such as (quadratic), (cubic), and so on. OkPolynomial time is a significant classification in computational complexity, distinguishing problems that are solvable in reasonable time from those…
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Linear Runtime
Linear runtime, denoted as in Big-O notation, represents an algorithm’s performance where the execution time scales directly in proportion to the size of the input data. This means that if the input size doubles, the execution time also doubles, making one of the most intuitive and manageable time complexities in computational analysis. Linear runtime is…
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Constant runtime
Constant runtime, denoted as in Big-O notation, represents the pinnacle of efficiency in algorithm design. An algorithm with complexity executes in the same amount of time, regardless of the size of the input. This fixed execution time makes constant runtime the fastest and most desirable complexity, especially in high-performance systems where speed is critical. Understanding…
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Factorial Runtime
Factorial runtime, denoted as in Big-O notation, describes algorithms whose execution time grows factorially with the input size . This means that for every additional input, the number of operations increases by multiplying the current total by the next integer. For example, if , the algorithm will require operations. Due to this rapid growth, algorithms…
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Logarithm Runtime
Logarithmic runtime, represented as in Big-O notation, describes algorithms where the number of operations increases proportionally to the logarithm of the input size. This time complexity is among the most efficient, as the number of steps required grows very slowly, even with large inputs. Logarithmic growth typically appears in divide-and-conquer algorithms, binary search, and data…
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Exponential Runtime
Exponential runtime, represented as , describes algorithms whose execution time doubles with every additional unit of input size . This rapid growth makes among the least efficient time complexities, often rendering such algorithms impractical for large datasets. Exponential runtime typically arises in problems involving exhaustive searches or recursive solutions where all possible combinations or configurations…
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IP stack : Public IP
A public IP address is a unique identifier assigned to a device or network that is accessible over the internet. It plays a pivotal role in the IP stack by enabling global communication between devices on different networks. Public IPs are routable across the internet, making them essential for web servers, cloud resources, and other…
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IP Stack : Private IP
Private IP addresses are an essential component of the Internet Protocol (IP) stack, enabling secure and efficient communication within local networks. These addresses are reserved for internal use in private networks, such as homes, offices, and data centers, and are not routable over the public internet. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has designated specific…
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Topologies: Ring Network
In networking, the ring topology represents a structure where nodes are connected in a closed-loop or circular arrangement. Each node is connected to exactly two neighboring nodes, forming a ring-like structure. Data travels in one or both directions around the ring until it reaches its intended destination. This topology is particularly known for its simplicity…
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IP stack : CIDR
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) is a modern addressing scheme used in the Internet Protocol (IP) stack to optimize the allocation of IP addresses and improve routing efficiency. Introduced in 1993, CIDR replaced the traditional class-based addressing system (Class A, B, C, etc.) by allowing for more flexible and efficient use of IP address space. It…
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IP Stack : Loopback
The loopback interface is a fundamental component of the IP stack, enabling internal network communications within a device. It provides a mechanism for testing and debugging network services without requiring physical network hardware. The loopback interface is identified by the IP address 127.0.0.1 for IPv4 and ::1 for IPv6, both of which are reserved specifically…
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IP stack : Subnet mask
A subnet mask is an essential component of the IP stack used to divide an IP address into two parts: one for the network and one for the host. This concept is fundamental in network design, as it allows network administrators to manage and segment networks efficiently. The subnet mask enables devices on the same…
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IP stack : Localhost
The IP stack, also known as the Internet Protocol Suite, is the fundamental architecture that governs how data is transmitted across networks. It consists of four layers: the Link Layer, Internet Layer, Transport Layer, and Application Layer. Within the context of IP stack communication, “localhost” refers to the standard hostname for the local computer or…
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IP stack : IP4 vs IP6
The Internet Protocol (IP) stack is the foundation of modern networking, enabling communication between devices across interconnected networks. IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) and IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) are the two primary versions of IP, each with distinct characteristics and use cases. While IPv4 has been the backbone of the internet since the 1980s,…
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Topologies : Bus Network
Bus topology is one of the simplest forms of network architecture, where all devices (nodes) are connected to a single central communication line known as the “bus” or backbone. This linear structure is often used in smaller networks due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness. Data travels along the bus, and each node checks whether the…
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Topologies: Mesh Network
Mesh network topology is a robust and decentralized network design where each device (or node) is interconnected with one or more other nodes. This architecture ensures multiple paths for data transmission, promoting reliability, redundancy, and efficiency. Mesh networks are commonly used in critical systems such as wireless networks, IoT applications, and military communications due to…
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Topologies : Star Network
Star network topology is one of the most commonly used architectures in modern networking. In this design, all devices (nodes) are connected to a central hub or switch, which acts as the primary point for communication. This centralized structure simplifies management, improves performance, and ensures efficient data routing, making star topology ideal for both small-scale…
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Kanban Management
Kanban is a popular workflow management method that focuses on improving efficiency and managing the flow of work through visualizing tasks and optimizing processes. Rooted in lean manufacturing principles, Kanban management has been adapted to software development, project management, and operations to minimize waste, improve productivity, and facilitate continuous delivery. By using a Kanban board…
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Scrum Management
Scrum is an agile framework widely used for managing complex software development projects. It emphasizes collaboration, transparency, flexibility, and iterative progress toward well-defined goals. Scrum management involves organizing teams, roles, and processes to enable efficient development cycles, known as sprints, which deliver high-quality, incremental outputs. The core goal is to ensure continuous delivery of value…
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Monolithic Architecture
Monolithic architecture is a traditional software design approach where an application is built as a single, unified unit. All the components of the system, such as the user interface, business logic, and database access, are interconnected and work together as a single application. This architecture is straightforward, making it an ideal starting point for small-scale…
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LeSS Management
Large-Scale Scrum (LeSS) is an agile framework designed to scale Scrum practices across large organizations and teams. It builds upon the core principles of Scrum while providing additional guidelines for coordinating multiple Scrum teams working on the same product. LeSS management focuses on ensuring that these teams work together efficiently, with minimal overhead, while maintaining…
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Distributed System Architecture
Distributed system architecture refers to a computing model in which components of a system are spread across multiple machines, yet function as a cohesive unit. These systems are designed to achieve scalability, fault tolerance, and high availability by leveraging the capabilities of multiple nodes or servers. Distributed systems are foundational to cloud computing, large-scale web…
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Client / Server Architecture
Client/Server architecture is a robust and widely used design paradigm in computing, where the workload is distributed between two distinct entities: the client and the server. The client is typically a user-facing application that requests services or resources, while the server is a backend system that provides the requested functionalities. This architecture forms the backbone…
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Layered Architecture
Layered architecture, also known as tiered architecture, is a design paradigm that divides a software system into distinct layers, each with a specific responsibility. This separation of concerns enables developers to design, build, and maintain software systems more efficiently by isolating functionality and minimizing interdependencies. Layered architecture is widely used in enterprise applications, where scalability,…
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XP Management
Extreme Programming (XP) is a software development methodology that emphasizes technical excellence, continuous feedback, and close collaboration between developers and customers. XP Management is a critical part of implementing XP practices, focusing on managing resources, team collaboration, and ensuring that the development process remains flexible and responsive to change. By incorporating key XP principles into…
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Levels of Software Architecture
Software architecture defines the fundamental structure of a system, encompassing its components, their relationships, and their interactions. To effectively design complex systems, architects often break down the architecture into distinct levels, each addressing specific aspects of the system. These levels ensure clarity, maintainability, and scalability throughout the software lifecycle. 1. Enterprise Architecture This is the…
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Micro service Architecture
Microservice architecture (MSA) is a design style that structures an application as a collection of small, autonomous, and independently deployable services. Each service is designed to fulfill a specific business function and communicates with other services through lightweight protocols like HTTP, REST, or messaging queues. This architecture is a modern alternative to monolithic systems, enabling…
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Joining Tabels via DML Queries in PostgreSQL
In PostgreSQL, joining tables is a fundamental operation in Data Manipulation Language (DML) queries that allows for combining rows from two or more tables based on a related column. Efficiently joining tables is crucial for retrieving and modifying data across complex database schemas. PostgreSQL supports a wide range of join types, each serving different purposes…
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DML Queries : PostgreSQL
Data Manipulation Language (DML) queries are a core part of PostgreSQL, empowering developers to perform critical operations such as inserting, updating, deleting, and selecting data within a database. PostgreSQL, being one of the most powerful relational database management systems, offers rich functionalities to efficiently manage and manipulate data. This article explores advanced DML query techniques…
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DDL Queries: PostgreSQL
Data Definition Language (DDL) queries in PostgreSQL are fundamental for defining, altering, and managing the structural elements of a database. DDL queries, such as CREATE, ALTER, and DROP, allow developers and database administrators to define schemas, tables, indexes, and other database objects that determine how data is organized, stored, and accessed. PostgreSQL, known for its…