Technology9

Category: OSI Protocol

  • SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

    The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a core protocol in the application layer of the TCP/IP suite, facilitating the transmission of email messages between servers. Working over a reliable, connection-oriented architecture (typically TCP), SMTP orchestrates the structured relay of messages from one server (Mail Transfer Agent, or MTA) to another, ensuring dependable message delivery.…

  • SNAT (Source Network Address Translation)

    Source Network Address Translation (SNAT) is a type of NAT that enables internal devices to communicate with external networks by translating private, non-routable IP addresses to a public IP address, typically at the gateway or firewall. SNAT is used for outbound connections where internal IPs are masked behind a single public IP, which is crucial…

  • Port Address Translation (PAT)

    Port Address Translation (PAT), also known as Network Address Port Translation (NAPT), is a variant of Network Address Translation (NAT) that enables multiple devices to share a single public IP address, leveraging port numbers to differentiate between sessions. PAT Fundamentals PAT operates by modifying IP packet headers, substituting private IP addresses with a public IP…

  • TLS 2.0: Transport Layer Security

    As secure communication remains a priority for developers and organizations, TLS (Transport Layer Security) has long been a cornerstone of internet security protocols. Although TLS 1.3 is the latest official version, the concept of a hypothetical “TLS 2.0” raises intriguing questions for software engineers. What should the next generation of TLS entail to address today’s…

  • HTTP/2 vs HTTP/3: Web Protocol Evolution

    The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) has undergone significant transformations since its inception, with HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 representing major milestones in its evolution. These successive iterations have substantially enhanced web performance, security, and reliability. HTTP/2: The Multiplexing Pioneer Introduced in 2015, HTTP/2 (RFC 7540) revolutionized web communication by introducing: HTTP/3: The QUIC-Enabled Speedster Released in 2020,…

  • Web 3.0: Decentralized, Intelligent, and Semantic Internet

    Web 3.0 represents the next major evolution of the internet, characterized by decentralization, machine intelligence, and a more interconnected, data-driven ecosystem. Building on the user-driven interactivity of Web 2.0, Web 3.0 aims to create an internet that is more intuitive, personal, and autonomous. This new web envisions an environment where data ownership returns to individuals,…

  • ICMP

    ICMP is a network layer protocol (IP layer protocol). ICMP is for IPV4 and is defined in RFC 92. ICMP for IPV6 is defined in RFC 4443. The Structure of ICMP is : TYPE | CODE | CHECKSUM | CONTENT (header of ICMP) ICMP is leveraged for diagnostic and control purposes. Many command line utilities are based on ICMP, ICMP is the network protocol…

  • ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

    ARP is an address resolution protocol, The ARP protocol is utilized to resolve IP to MAC ADDRESS. (ARP maps IP and MAC) ARP request is sent | ARP response is received. ARP operates in the data-link layer and network layer. IP -> Network layer protocol and addressing MAC —> Data– layer addressing The devices whose IP ARP is looking will be sent via…

  • TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

    TCP is the layer 4 networking protocol of the OSI model, TCP is responsible for the networking capabilities, both TCP and UDP are placed in the LAYER 4 OSI MODEL, TCP sends packets across the internet and makes sure that the packets are transferred securely, consistently and efficiently.  TCP connection is established by 2 servers and once the TCP session is established, DATA packets can be sent across TCP. TCP leverages the THREE…