Technology9

Category: OSI Protocol

  • RPC Protocol

    Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is a protocol that allows executing a procedure or function on a remote server, as if it were a local procedure. It abstracts the complexities of network communication, enabling developers to focus on functionality rather than the underlying transport mechanisms. RPC is widely used in distributed systems, microservices, and client-server architectures…

  • RTC Protocol

    Real-Time Communication (RTC) protocols are the backbone of modern communication technologies, facilitating instant data exchange, voice, and video streaming across the internet. The RTC protocol defines a standard for real-time interaction between users over networks, supporting voice calls, video conferencing, and instant messaging. It is particularly crucial in industries such as telemedicine, online education, and…

  • QUIC Protocol

    QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections) is a modern transport protocol designed to improve web performance by reducing latency and optimizing network efficiency. Initially developed by Google, QUIC is built on top of UDP (User Datagram Protocol), a connectionless protocol that provides higher flexibility and performance compared to its predecessor, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). QUIC is…

  • Pub Sub Implementation

    Pub/Sub (Publish-Subscribe) Implementation: Advanced Overview The Publish-Subscribe (Pub/Sub) pattern is a messaging architecture that enables communication between systems, applications, or services in a decoupled manner. It is widely used in distributed systems, event-driven architectures, and real-time data streaming platforms. In Pub/Sub, the publisher generates messages, while the subscriber receives them, without any direct knowledge of…

  • TCP Datagram access via CMD commands

    TCP Datagram Access via CMD Commands Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite, providing reliable, connection-oriented communication over a network. Unlike UDP (User Datagram Protocol), which is connectionless and does not guarantee delivery, TCP ensures the orderly and error-free transmission of data across networks. This is achieved…

  • Window File System

    Windows File System: A Comprehensive and Advanced Analysis The Windows file system is a sophisticated architecture that organizes, manages, and retrieves data on storage media within Microsoft Windows environments. This robust framework ensures efficient handling of files, directories, and system metadata while maintaining compatibility, security, and performance. In this article, we delve deep into the…

  • TLS 1.3 (Transport Layer Security)

    TLS 1.3 (Transport Layer Security): An In-Depth Analysis Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a cryptographic protocol designed to provide secure communication over a computer network. TLS 1.3 is the latest version of the protocol, significantly improving both security and performance compared to its predecessors. It was officially published by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)…

  • TLS 1.2 ( Transport Layer Security)

    TLS 1.2 (Transport Layer Security): A Deep Dive into Its Architecture and Mechanisms Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a cryptographic protocol designed to provide secure communication across computer networks, such as the Internet. TLS 1.2, an important version of the TLS protocol, was introduced in 2008 and became the de facto standard for securing data…

  • Object Store : Deep Dive

    An object store is a modern storage paradigm designed for managing unstructured data at scale. Unlike traditional file systems or relational databases, object storage organizes data as discrete objects within a flat hierarchy, making it ideal for cloud-native applications, big data analytics, and backup solutions. This article provides an advanced, in-depth exploration of object storage,…

  • UDP Datagram access via CMD commands

    UDP Datagram Access via CMD Commands User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless protocol that operates at the transport layer of the OSI model, unlike TCP, which is connection-oriented and ensures reliable data transmission. UDP is designed for low-latency applications where speed is critical, such as video streaming, online gaming, and VoIP (Voice over IP).…

  • Public key encryption (PKE)

    Public key encryption (PKE) is a cryptographic method that uses two keys: a public key, shared openly, and a private key, kept secret by the owner. Unlike symmetric encryption, which relies on a single key for both encryption and decryption, PKE ensures secure communication between parties without sharing secret keys in advance. This model underpins…

  • Session Layer : OSI Model

    The Session Layer (Layer 5 of the OSI model) orchestrates and manages dialogs between devices, ensuring structured and organized communication. It acts as a controller of sessions, focusing on establishing, maintaining, and terminating connections across networked systems. This layer abstracts lower-level complexities while delivering session-related functionalities to applications, such as synchronization, dialog control, and checkpointing.…

  • Transport Layer : OSI Model

    The Transport Layer (Layer 4 of the OSI model) is the cornerstone of reliable communication in networking, bridging the gap between high-level application requirements and low-level data transmission. It ensures accurate delivery of data between devices, providing error detection, correction, flow control, and session multiplexing. Key Responsibilities of the Transport Layer 1. Segmentation and ReassemblyData…

  • Network Layer : OSI Model

    The Network Layer (Layer 3 of the OSI model) is a pivotal component in computer networking, responsible for end-to-end delivery of data across interconnected networks. It abstracts the complexities of routing and addressing, ensuring data packets traverse multiple networks efficiently and reliably. Core Responsibilities 1. Logical AddressingThe layer assigns unique logical addresses (IP addresses) to…

  • Physical link layer : OSI Model

    Physical Layer of the OSI Model: An Advanced Dissection The Physical Layer represents the foundational layer of the OSI model, responsible for the actual transmission of raw binary data over a communication medium. It defines the hardware specifications, electrical signals, and protocols that govern how bits are physically encoded and transmitted between network nodes. Core…

  • Presentation Layer : OSI Model

    The Presentation Layer, the sixth layer in the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, operates as the translator and encoder/decoder of data between the application layer and the network. Its primary responsibility is to ensure that data sent by the application layer is formatted, encrypted, compressed, or converted into a standardized form that can be understood…

  • RBAC (Role Based Access Control)

    Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) is a method of regulating access to resources based on the roles of individual users within an organization. In an RBAC system, permissions are assigned to roles rather than individual users, which enhances security and simplifies the management of access rights, especially in large systems. Key Components of RBAC 1. Roles:…

  • Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC)

    An Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) is a structured agreement between a service provider and a client to ensure ongoing support and maintenance for software, hardware, or IT systems. AMCs are critical for enterprises seeking uninterrupted operations and proactive issue resolution, ensuring systems remain optimized throughout their lifecycle. Components of an AMC 1. Scope of Work…

  • HTTP Web Storage: LocalStorage and SessionStorage

    Web storage is a critical component of modern web development, offering mechanisms for client-side data storage. It enhances user experience by enabling persistent or session-based data storage directly in the browser, without involving server-side interaction. Web storage includes LocalStorage and SessionStorage, each designed for specific use cases. 1. Overview of Web Storage Web storage leverages…

  • HTTP Error Codes

    HTTP error codes, also known as status codes, indicate the result of a request made to a web server. These codes are grouped into five categories based on the type of response, and each conveys specific information to both users and developers. Below is a detailed breakdown of these types and key codes, with advanced…

  • POP (Post Office Protocol)

    POP, or Post Office Protocol, is a protocol used by email clients to retrieve email from a remote server. Initially designed to allow users to download their emails and access them offline, POP has evolved over time to provide more stability and flexibility in email systems. POP3, the most current version, operates at the application…

  • IMAP (E-mailing Protocol Stack)SMTP (E-mailing Protocol Stack)

    IMAP, short for Internet Message Access Protocol, is a highly utilized protocol in email systems that allows users to access their email on remote mail servers. Unlike POP (Post Office Protocol), which downloads emails to a local client, IMAP offers a more sophisticated approach by enabling users to view, organize, and manipulate emails directly on…

  • HTTP Methods : Deep Dive

    HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the foundation of communication on the World Wide Web. HTTP methods, often referred to as “verbs,” define the type of action a client wants to perform on a given resource identified by a URL. These methods play a crucial role in RESTful APIs, enabling CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations.…

  • Material Design : Google Design Framework

    Material Design is a design language developed by Google in 2014 to create visually appealing, consistent, and user-friendly interfaces across devices and platforms. It emphasizes minimalism, depth, motion, and grid-based layouts, enhancing the user experience (UX) and user interface (UI) design for both mobile and web applications. Core Principles of Material Design 1. Material Metaphor:…

  • NTP (Network Time Protocol)

    The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a networking protocol used to synchronize clocks across distributed systems with high precision, ensuring consistency in transaction timestamps, logs, and operations across networked devices. Developed in the 1980s, NTP uses Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) as a reference and relies on a hierarchical structure of servers arranged in strata. Overview…

  • DNAT (Destination Network Address Translation)

    Destination Network Address Translation (DNAT) is a network protocol technique within NAT, designed to remap destination IP addresses on packets as they traverse routers or firewalls. Primarily used to expose private network services to the internet, DNAT modifies the packet’s destination address so that external clients can interact with an internal server through a public…

  • Http Headers

    HTTP headers are fundamental components of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) communication. They provide metadata for the HTTP request or response, enriching the interaction between the client (browser) and the server with critical information such as resource handling, authentication, and session control. HTTP headers play a pivotal role in optimizing web communication, ensuring security, and…

  • Typical HTTP request/ response cycle

    The HTTP request-response cycle is a fundamental mechanism in web communication, facilitating client-server interactions. Below is an advanced explanation of its components and flow: Request-Response Architecture Overview HTTP operates as a stateless protocol where the client sends requests, and the server processes and responds. Key components include: 1. HTTP Request: Generated by a client (usually…

  • TLS 1.2 vs TLS 1.3: A Comparative Analysis

    Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a cryptographic protocol ensuring secure communication. TLS 1.2 and TLS 1.3 represent two pivotal milestones in internet security. TLS 1.3, finalized in 2018, improves upon its predecessor with enhanced performance, robust security, and streamlined cryptographic mechanisms. Key Differences 1. Handshake Protocol TLS 1.2:Utilizes multiple round trips between the client and…

  • QUIC (Faster version of TCP)

    QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections) is a modern transport layer protocol designed to improve the performance of internet communication. Initially developed by Google and later standardized by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), QUIC aims to enhance web performance, reduce latency, and increase security by combining the best features of existing protocols like TCP, TLS,…

  • SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

    The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a core protocol in the application layer of the TCP/IP suite, facilitating the transmission of email messages between servers. Working over a reliable, connection-oriented architecture (typically TCP), SMTP orchestrates the structured relay of messages from one server (Mail Transfer Agent, or MTA) to another, ensuring dependable message delivery.…

  • SNAT (Source Network Address Translation)

    Source Network Address Translation (SNAT) is a type of NAT that enables internal devices to communicate with external networks by translating private, non-routable IP addresses to a public IP address, typically at the gateway or firewall. SNAT is used for outbound connections where internal IPs are masked behind a single public IP, which is crucial…

  • Port Address Translation (PAT)

    Port Address Translation (PAT), also known as Network Address Port Translation (NAPT), is a variant of Network Address Translation (NAT) that enables multiple devices to share a single public IP address, leveraging port numbers to differentiate between sessions. PAT Fundamentals PAT operates by modifying IP packet headers, substituting private IP addresses with a public IP…

  • TLS 2.0: Transport Layer Security

    As secure communication remains a priority for developers and organizations, TLS (Transport Layer Security) has long been a cornerstone of internet security protocols. Although TLS 1.3 is the latest official version, the concept of a hypothetical “TLS 2.0” raises intriguing questions for software engineers. What should the next generation of TLS entail to address today’s…

  • HTTP/2 vs HTTP/3: Web Protocol Evolution

    The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) has undergone significant transformations since its inception, with HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 representing major milestones in its evolution. These successive iterations have substantially enhanced web performance, security, and reliability. HTTP/2: The Multiplexing Pioneer Introduced in 2015, HTTP/2 (RFC 7540) revolutionized web communication by introducing: HTTP/3: The QUIC-Enabled Speedster Released in 2020,…

  • Web 3.0: Decentralized, Intelligent, and Semantic Internet

    Web 3.0 represents the next major evolution of the internet, characterized by decentralization, machine intelligence, and a more interconnected, data-driven ecosystem. Building on the user-driven interactivity of Web 2.0, Web 3.0 aims to create an internet that is more intuitive, personal, and autonomous. This new web envisions an environment where data ownership returns to individuals,…

  • ICMP

    ICMP is a network layer protocol (IP layer protocol). ICMP is for IPV4 and is defined in RFC 92. ICMP for IPV6 is defined in RFC 4443. The Structure of ICMP is : TYPE | CODE | CHECKSUM | CONTENT (header of ICMP) ICMP is leveraged for diagnostic and control purposes. Many command line utilities are based on ICMP, ICMP is the network protocol…

  • ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

    ARP is an address resolution protocol, The ARP protocol is utilized to resolve IP to MAC ADDRESS. (ARP maps IP and MAC) ARP request is sent | ARP response is received. ARP operates in the data-link layer and network layer. IP -> Network layer protocol and addressing MAC —> Data– layer addressing The devices whose IP ARP is looking will be sent via…

  • TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

    TCP is the layer 4 networking protocol of the OSI model, TCP is responsible for the networking capabilities, both TCP and UDP are placed in the LAYER 4 OSI MODEL, TCP sends packets across the internet and makes sure that the packets are transferred securely, consistently and efficiently.  TCP connection is established by 2 servers and once the TCP session is established, DATA packets can be sent across TCP. TCP leverages the THREE…