Category: IT
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SIEM
Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) is a critical technology used by organizations to manage and analyze security data in real-time. SIEM platforms combine Security Information Management (SIM) and Security Event Management (SEM) functionalities to provide comprehensive visibility into an organization’s security posture. They collect and aggregate log data from multiple sources, such as firewalls,…
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Kill Chain Framework
The Kill Chain Framework is a widely used concept in cybersecurity that helps organizations understand the different stages of a cyberattack, allowing them to effectively detect, respond to, and mitigate threats. Developed by Lockheed Martin, the Kill Chain model breaks down an attack into a series of steps or phases, from initial reconnaissance to final…
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ATT&CK Framework
The ATT&CK Framework (Adversarial Tactics, Techniques, and Common Knowledge) is a globally recognized knowledge base designed by MITRE to help organizations understand, detect, and defend against cyberattacks. It provides a systematic approach to identifying and categorizing the tactics and techniques used by adversaries during different stages of an attack. The ATT&CK framework is essential for…
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Cyber Attacks : Zero Days
A Zero-Day Attack is one of the most sophisticated and dangerous forms of cyber exploitation. It occurs when hackers exploit a previously unknown vulnerability in software, hardware, or firmware before the vendor or developers can release a patch. The term “zero-day” refers to the lack of lead time available for developers to address the flaw,…
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Cyber Attack : Brute Force
A brute force attack is a trial-and-error method used by cybercriminals to crack passwords, encryption keys, or login credentials. This attack relies on the systematic testing of every possible combination until the correct one is found. Although time-consuming, brute force attacks remain effective, especially when weak passwords or insufficient security measures are in place. How…
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Cyber Attack : CFRS
Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) is a cyberattack that exploits the trust a web application has in a user’s browser. Also known as a “one-click attack” or “session riding,” CSRF tricks authenticated users into performing unintended actions on a web application without their knowledge or consent. These attacks can lead to unauthorized data changes, account modifications,…
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Cyber attacks : Buffer Overflow
Buffer overflow is one of the most infamous and longstanding vulnerabilities in computer security. It occurs when a program writes more data to a buffer—a contiguous block of memory—than it can hold. This overflow can corrupt adjacent memory, alter program execution, or allow attackers to inject malicious code. Buffer overflows are particularly dangerous because they…
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Cyber Attacks: DNS poisoning
DNS (Domain Name System) poisoning, also known as DNS spoofing, is a type of cyberattack that compromises the DNS resolution process, redirecting users to malicious websites without their knowledge. As a foundational element of internet navigation, DNS translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses. DNS poisoning corrupts this process, enabling attackers to intercept or manipulate…
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Cyber security Attacks: DDOS
A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is a malicious attempt to disrupt the normal traffic of a targeted server, service, or network by overwhelming it with a flood of internet traffic. These attacks are orchestrated using a network of compromised devices, known as a botnet, which collectively send vast amounts of requests to the…
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Big Thetha
Big Θ (Theta) notation is a mathematical concept used to describe the tight bound of an algorithm’s performance. Unlike Big O, which focuses on the worst-case scenario, or Big Ω, which captures the best-case scenario, Big Θ provides a precise measure of the algorithm’s growth rate by considering both upper and lower bounds. It essentially…
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Graphs : Dijkstra Algorithm
Dijkstra’s algorithm is a fundamental graph traversal technique used to find the shortest path from a single source node to all other nodes in a weighted graph. Developed by Edsger W. Dijkstra in 1956, the algorithm operates efficiently by iteratively exploring the least-cost paths. It is widely employed in network routing, GPS navigation, and resource…
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Big Omega
Big Ω (Omega) notation is a mathematical concept used to describe the best-case performance of an algorithm. It provides a lower bound on the running time or space required by an algorithm as a function of the input size . In simpler terms, Big Ω defines the minimum time an algorithm will take, regardless of…
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Unbalanced tree
An unbalanced tree is a binary tree where the height difference between the left and right subtrees of any node can become significant, leading to an inefficient structure. Unlike balanced trees, which maintain a relatively equal height across subtrees, unbalanced trees may degenerate into a linear structure, similar to a linked list. This can result…
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Balanced Tree
A balanced tree is a type of binary tree where the height difference between the left and right subtrees of any node is minimal, ensuring efficient performance in terms of searching, insertion, and deletion operations. This balance is crucial for maintaining the tree’s height at a logarithmic scale, which ensures that operations can be performed…
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Graphs : DFS
Depth-First Search (DFS) is a fundamental graph traversal algorithm that explores as far as possible along each branch before backtracking. It is widely used in computer science for tasks such as solving puzzles, finding connected components, topological sorting, and detecting cycles in graphs. DFS operates on both directed and undirected graphs and works for graph…
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Graph : BFS
Breadth-First Search (BFS) is a fundamental graph traversal algorithm that explores all vertices at the current depth level before moving to the next level. It is widely used in various applications, such as finding the shortest path, solving puzzles, and network flow analysis. BFS works efficiently on both directed and undirected graphs, represented as adjacency…
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Graphs : Beelman Ford Algorithm
The Bellman-Ford algorithm is a powerful graph-based algorithm used to find the shortest paths from a single source vertex to all other vertices in a weighted graph. Unlike Dijkstra’s algorithm, Bellman-Ford can handle graphs with negative weight edges, making it a versatile choice for a wide range of applications. However, it cannot work with graphs…
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Big o notation
Big O Notation is a mathematical concept widely used in computer science to describe the efficiency and scalability of algorithms. It provides a framework to evaluate how the runtime or space requirements of an algorithm grow relative to the size of the input data. By abstracting away hardware and implementation specifics, Big O focuses on…
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Graphs : A* Algorithm
The A* algorithm is a widely used graph traversal and search algorithm, ideal for finding the shortest path between two nodes. It combines the strengths of Dijkstra’s algorithm and Greedy Best-First Search by using a heuristic to guide its search, making it both efficient and optimal. Commonly utilized in navigation systems, robotics, and artificial intelligence,…
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UX Design: HF Wireframe
In the realm of User Experience (UX) design, an HF (High-Fidelity) Wireframe is a detailed and interactive representation of a website or application. It provides a visual guide to the layout and structure of a page, incorporating design elements and interactions that closely mimic the final product. Unlike low-fidelity wireframes, which are simple sketches with…
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UX Design: User Flow
User Flow is a visual representation of the paths users take to achieve specific goals within a digital product. It maps the journey from entry points, such as landing pages, through to task completion, such as making a purchase or submitting a form. By illustrating these steps, designers can identify pain points, optimize navigation, and…
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UX Design : Compliances & Standards
In the realm of User Experience (UX) design, compliance with established standards and regulations is essential for creating accessible, ethical, and user-friendly digital products. Adhering to these guidelines ensures inclusivity, enhances usability, and fosters trust among diverse audiences. As digital innovation continues to evolve, compliance is no longer an option but a necessity in creating…
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UX Design: Incremental A/B Testing
Incremental A/B Testing is a strategic approach in UX design that involves testing multiple variations of a design to identify which one delivers the best user experience. Unlike traditional A/B testing, which often tests a complete redesign or a single element, incremental A/B testing focuses on making small, gradual improvements to the interface. This technique…
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UX Design: Actors
In UX design, actors refer to the various entities or personas that interact with a system or product. These actors are typically categorized into primary, secondary, and tertiary users, each playing a distinct role in shaping the user experience. Understanding actors is foundational to creating user-centered designs that cater to the specific needs, goals, and…
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UX Design: MF Wireframe
In the world of UX design, MF (Mid-Fidelity) Wireframes serve as an essential bridge between low-fidelity sketches and high-fidelity prototypes. While low-fidelity wireframes are quick sketches used to explore ideas, and high-fidelity wireframes are detailed and often resemble the final design, mid-fidelity wireframes strike a balance between these two extremes. They provide enough detail to…
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Data Warehousing
Data warehousing is a critical component of modern business intelligence (BI) and analytics strategies. It refers to the process of collecting, storing, and managing large volumes of data from various sources to enable comprehensive analysis and decision-making. A data warehouse is a central repository designed to hold historical data, allowing businesses to gain insights through…
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UX Design : Design System
A design system is a comprehensive framework of reusable components, guidelines, and standards that unify the design and development of digital products. It serves as a single source of truth, ensuring consistency, scalability, and efficiency in creating user experiences. By harmonizing visual, interaction, and functional elements, a design system empowers teams to build cohesive interfaces…
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UX Design: User Flow
User Flow is a visual representation of the paths users take to achieve specific goals within a digital product. It maps the journey from entry points, such as landing pages, through to task completion, such as making a purchase or submitting a form. By illustrating these steps, designers can identify pain points, optimize navigation, and…
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UX Design: User Generated Actions & Events
In UX design, user-generated actions and events refer to the interactions initiated by users within a digital interface. These actions, ranging from clicks and swipes to form submissions and voice commands, form the foundation of a dynamic user experience. Designing for such interactions requires a keen understanding of user behavior, intuitive design principles, and seamless…
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UX Design: Multivariate Testing
Multivariate testing (MVT) is an advanced UX design technique that allows designers to test multiple variations of a webpage or interface element simultaneously, to determine the most effective combination of components that deliver the best user experience. Unlike A/B testing, where only two versions of a page are compared, multivariate testing involves experimenting with several…
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UX Design : LF Wireframe
In the field of UX design, LF (Low-Fidelity) Wireframes are the initial sketches or blueprints used to map out the basic structure and layout of a website or application. These wireframes, often created in the early stages of the design process, are essential for visualizing the user interface’s fundamental elements, such as navigation, content placement,…
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Load Balancing Algorithms
Load balancing is a fundamental technique used in distributed systems to distribute incoming network traffic across multiple servers, ensuring no single server is overwhelmed. This process improves the availability, reliability, and scalability of web applications by ensuring that they can handle large volumes of traffic while maintaining optimal performance. Load balancing algorithms are the core…
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Closed APIs
A Closed API, also known as a private API, is a restricted interface designed for specific internal use within an organization. Unlike Open APIs, which are available publicly, Closed APIs are limited to authorized users, teams, or systems. This controlled access ensures enhanced security, better performance, and customized functionalities tailored to specific business needs. Key…
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Open API
Open API, often referred to as a public API, is a specification designed to enable diverse applications to communicate with each other seamlessly. These APIs are publicly available to developers, offering standardized access to specific services or data. Open APIs play a critical role in fostering innovation, enabling businesses to extend their services beyond traditional…
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API Economy
The API economy is rapidly evolving, fundamentally reshaping how businesses operate and interact. By 2025, the API economy is projected to be a cornerstone of global digital transformation, connecting systems, applications, and services seamlessly. APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) act as the glue binding diverse technologies, enabling organizations to innovate, scale, and deliver unparalleled customer experiences.…
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Purple Team : SDLC
The Purple Team in the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) represents a collaborative approach to cybersecurity that integrates the strengths of both Red Teams (offensive) and Blue Teams (defensive). It serves as a bridge between proactive threat hunting and reactive defense mechanisms, ensuring that security practices are embedded throughout the development process. By working together,…
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Layer 4 Load Balancing
Layer 4 Load Balancing is a method of distributing network traffic based on information available at the Transport Layer of the OSI model, specifically IP addresses, and port numbers. Unlike Layer 7 (Application Layer) load balancing, which inspects the content of the traffic, Layer 4 focuses solely on routing traffic based on the IP headers…
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TCP 3 Way Handshake
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the fundamental communication protocols used to establish a reliable connection between two devices over a network. One of the key processes in TCP communication is the “3-Way Handshake,” which ensures a secure and reliable connection between the sender and receiver before data transmission begins. This handshake process…
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Layer 7 Load Balancing
Layer 7 Load Balancing, also known as Application Layer Load Balancing, is a sophisticated method of distributing network traffic based on the content of the request rather than just the network or transport layer information. Unlike traditional load balancing strategies that operate on Layer 4 (TCP/UDP), which focus on IP addresses and ports, Layer 7…