Category: IT
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Presentation Layer : OSI Model
The Presentation Layer, the sixth layer in the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, operates as the translator and encoder/decoder of data between the application layer and the network. Its primary responsibility is to ensure that data sent by the application layer is formatted, encrypted, compressed, or converted into a standardized form that can be understood…
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Critical Path in Project Management
The Critical Path Method (CPM) is a cornerstone in project management, primarily employed to identify the sequence of essential tasks that determine the project’s minimum completion time. By focusing on tasks that directly influence the overall project duration, CPM allows for effective scheduling and resource allocation. Tasks along the critical path have zero slack, meaning…
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DMA (Direct memory Access)
Direct Memory Access (DMA) is a system feature that allows hardware devices to transfer data directly to or from main memory without involving the CPU, improving overall efficiency and freeing up CPU resources for other tasks. In typical data transfers, the CPU handles the data movement, which can be time-consuming, especially for large volumes of…
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Gantt Chart : Project Management
The Gantt chart, a visual project management tool, serves as an indispensable aid for planning, scheduling, and tracking tasks over time. This chart employs a bar-based timeline to depict task dependencies, progress, and overlaps, offering a clear graphical representation of project workflows. Developed by Henry Gantt in the early 20th century, it has evolved to…
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MFA (Multi – Factor Authentication)
Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) is a security framework that requires users to authenticate their identity through multiple, independent credentials, enhancing protection against unauthorized access. By layering at least two distinct forms of verification—such as something the user knows (password), has (smartphone), or is (biometric data)—MFA mitigates risks associated with compromised passwords or physical devices. Core Components…
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Request for Change (RFC)
A Request for Change (RFC) is a formalized mechanism for documenting, assessing, and approving modifications to a system, software, or process within an SDLC framework. It ensures that proposed changes are evaluated for their feasibility, impact, and alignment with project objectives. RFCs are essential in environments requiring controlled evolution of systems, such as in Agile,…
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2FA (Two-Factor Authentication)
Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) is a security mechanism requiring two independent forms of verification to confirm user identity. Unlike standard single-factor authentication (SFA), which relies solely on a password, 2FA combines two distinct categories of verification: something the user knows (e.g., password) and something the user has (e.g., a mobile device for OTPs). This dual-layer reduces…
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CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation)
CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation) is an architectural pattern used in software design to separate read operations (queries) from write operations (commands), aiming to optimize performance, scalability, and security. It is particularly effective in systems that experience high traffic, such as e-commerce platforms, social networks, and financial applications, where different operations have differing performance and…
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CAP Theoram
The CAP theorem (Consistency, Availability, and Partition Tolerance) is a fundamental principle in distributed database systems, proposed by computer scientist Eric Brewer. It states that in any distributed data system, it’s impossible to achieve all three properties simultaneously; only two out of the three can be guaranteed at any given time. Core Properties of CAP…
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Reverse Proxies
Reverse Proxies are intermediary servers that handle client requests before they reach the backend server. Unlike forward proxies, which serve client requests by masking client identity, reverse proxies sit in front of web servers to distribute, optimize, and secure incoming traffic. Their primary function is to route client requests to the appropriate backend server while…
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Forward Proxies
Proxies act as intermediaries between clients and servers, handling and routing requests while abstracting the details of the underlying network infrastructure. In computer science, proxies offer numerous advantages such as privacy, security, performance improvement, and load distribution. By masking the client’s IP address, proxies enable users to access resources indirectly, often enhancing security or bypassing…
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TLD (Top Level Domain)
A Top-Level Domain (TLD) is the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System (DNS) structure, used to classify and manage domain names on the internet. It is the last segment of a domain name, positioned after the final dot. For example, in the domain name “example.com,” the TLD is “com.” Types of TLDs TLDs…
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Read Duplicates : Distributed System
In distributed systems, read duplicates refer to the occurrence of multiple, identical reads of the same data in a system, particularly when the data is being retrieved from different nodes or replicas. These duplicates often arise in systems that employ replication strategies for high availability and fault tolerance. While read duplicates may seem like a…
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Simple Event Processing
Simple Event Processing (SEP) is an event-driven approach often employed in real-time systems where individual events trigger direct responses without complex pattern recognition or state tracking. In SEP, each event is handled independently, ideal for low-latency applications such as IoT devices, logging, or monitoring systems, where immediate action is required upon event occurrence. Core Characteristics…
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Database Indexes
A database index is a data structure used to improve the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table at the cost of additional space and overhead. Indexes are fundamental to optimizing query performance, especially when dealing with large datasets. A database index works similarly to the index in a book, allowing quick access…
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Rendering Migration Strategy
A migration strategy is a comprehensive, organized approach designed to move applications, systems, or data from one environment to another, often with minimal disruption and maximum efficiency. The choice of migration strategy depends on factors such as the complexity of the system, the target environment, and risk tolerance. It plays a vital role in system…
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Migrating Infra : Migration Starter
Migration starter refers to the initial phase of moving a system, application, or database from one environment to another. This process can encompass a variety of tasks such as moving from legacy systems to modern architectures, transitioning between cloud providers, or upgrading a database system. A proper migration starter is crucial for ensuring that the…
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Hash Map
A Hash Map (or Hash Table) is one of the most fundamental and widely used data structures in computer science, providing an efficient way to store key-value pairs. The primary operation in a hash map is the ability to associate a key with a value, and retrieve that value in near constant time. This makes…
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BASE Compliance
BASE compliance is a term primarily used within the context of distributed systems, especially in relation to NoSQL databases. BASE stands for Basically Available, Soft state, Eventually consistent, which serves as an alternative to the ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) properties typically associated with relational databases. It is a concept critical for ensuring system reliability…
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UAT (User Acceptance Testing)
User Acceptance Testing (UAT) is the final phase of the Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC). It ensures that the delivered system meets user requirements and is ready for deployment in a production environment. UAT focuses on validating the software from an end-user perspective, simulating real-world usage scenarios to ensure the system behaves as intended. Purpose…
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Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC)
An Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) is a structured agreement between a service provider and a client to ensure ongoing support and maintenance for software, hardware, or IT systems. AMCs are critical for enterprises seeking uninterrupted operations and proactive issue resolution, ensuring systems remain optimized throughout their lifecycle. Components of an AMC 1. Scope of Work…
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System Architecture Document in SDLC
The System Architecture Document (SAD) is an essential deliverable in the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), defining the structure, interactions, and dependencies of system components. It serves as a blueprint for the technical team to design and implement the software system in alignment with business and technical goals. This document is pivotal for ensuring scalability,…
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Technical Requirements Document (TRD)
The Technical Requirements Document (TRD) is a critical component in the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), specifically during the planning and design phases. It bridges the gap between business-oriented requirements (captured in an FRD or BRD) and the technical implementation by defining detailed technical specifications. TRD provides engineers, developers, and architects with precise guidelines to…
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System Monitoring Plan (SMP)
A System Monitoring Plan (SMP) is a critical component in the architecture and operation of any software system, especially in large-scale distributed systems. It involves the continuous surveillance of system performance, health, security, and operational behavior to ensure smooth functioning, early detection of issues, and optimal resource usage. For software engineers and Ph.D. students, designing…
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Hyper-Threading : Concepts & Implementation
Hyper-Threading (HT) is a technology introduced by Intel that allows a single physical processor core to appear as two logical cores to the operating system, enabling more efficient CPU resource utilization. While this technology increases the throughput of a system, it also necessitates understanding and managing system compliance and performance implications, especially in high-performance and…
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Functional Requirements Document (FRD)
The Functional Requirements Document (FRD) is a critical artifact in the SDLC that details the specific functional requirements of a system or application. It acts as a blueprint for stakeholders, developers, and testers by explicitly stating what the system should do. Unlike a BRD, which focuses on high-level business needs, the FRD delves into the…
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JSON : (Data Interchange Format)
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-interchange format that is widely used for storing and exchanging structured information between systems. Its simplicity, flexibility, and language-agnostic design make it a cornerstone of modern web development, API design, and data serialization. JSON structures data using key-value pairs, arrays, and objects, making it both human-readable and machine-parsable.…
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SOA (Service Oriented Architecture)
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is an architectural paradigm in which software components, called services, are designed to perform discrete units of functionality and communicate over a network. SOA promotes loose coupling, interoperability, and reusability of services across different applications and organizational boundaries. It’s widely used in enterprise environments to create scalable, flexible systems where services can…
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Private Key Encryption
Private key encryption, also known as symmetric encryption, is a cryptographic method where the same key is used for both the encryption and decryption processes. Unlike public key encryption, where two distinct keys are employed, symmetric encryption relies on the confidentiality of the shared secret key. This model is highly efficient, particularly for large data…
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Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Documentation
The SDLC process is systematically organized into distinct phases, each requiring specific documentation to ensure clarity, traceability, and quality outcomes. Below is a detailed, jargon-rich elaboration of the key documents created in each phase of the SDLC. Phase 1: Planning This foundational stage focuses on establishing the project’s scope, goals, and resource requirements. 1. Project…
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Request for Quotation (RFQ)
A Request for Quotation (RFQ) is a procurement process where a buyer solicits detailed pricing information, terms, and conditions from multiple suppliers for specific goods or services. RFQs are highly focused on cost and quantity rather than design or execution methodology, making them suitable for well-defined projects or products with minimal scope variation. Key Components…
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Request for Proposal (RFP)
A Request for Proposal (RFP) is a structured document issued by organizations to solicit proposals from potential vendors or contractors for specific projects, services, or products. It serves as a formal invitation to bid and provides a framework for evaluating and selecting the best vendor or solution. The RFP process is vital in industries like…
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Business Requirements Document (BRD)
A Business Requirements Document (BRD) is a formal document that captures the goals, expectations, and requirements of a business for a specific project or initiative. It acts as a guiding framework, ensuring alignment between stakeholders and the development or implementation teams. Purpose of a BRD The BRD serves as a blueprint for stakeholders to define…
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Software Requirements Specification (SRS)
The Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document serves as a blueprint for the development of a software system. It details all functional and non-functional requirements, ensuring alignment between stakeholders and development teams. The SRS is integral to project success, providing a foundation for design, implementation, and testing. Purpose of an SRS 1. Unambiguous Communication: Acts as…
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Test Requirements Specification (TRS)
The Test Requirements Specification (TRS) is a foundational document in software quality assurance, detailing the specific testing requirements for a software system or module. Its primary goal is to ensure that all necessary conditions and criteria for testing are identified and documented before development begins, serving as a roadmap for the testing phase. Purpose of…
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SOW(Statement of Work) : SDLC Documentation
Statement of Work (SOW) is a formal document that defines the scope, objectives, deliverables, and timelines for a project. Often used in contract negotiations, SOW ensures clarity between stakeholders, such as clients and vendors. It minimizes ambiguity by outlining project expectations in detail. In software engineering, it is critical for aligning teams, especially for large-scale…
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HTTP Web Storage: LocalStorage and SessionStorage
Web storage is a critical component of modern web development, offering mechanisms for client-side data storage. It enhances user experience by enabling persistent or session-based data storage directly in the browser, without involving server-side interaction. Web storage includes LocalStorage and SessionStorage, each designed for specific use cases. 1. Overview of Web Storage Web storage leverages…
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HTTP Error Codes
HTTP error codes, also known as status codes, indicate the result of a request made to a web server. These codes are grouped into five categories based on the type of response, and each conveys specific information to both users and developers. Below is a detailed breakdown of these types and key codes, with advanced…
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Load Balancing
Load balancing is the process of balancing the load across multiple servers in case the peak load is achieved, the load needs to be distributed across multiple servers running multiple services. The app traffic load will be distributed across multiple servers to keep the website/app running smoothly. The traffic WILL BE DISTRIBUTED ACROSS MULTIPLE SERVERS so that the content can be served with low latency and high…
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POP (Post Office Protocol)
POP, or Post Office Protocol, is a protocol used by email clients to retrieve email from a remote server. Initially designed to allow users to download their emails and access them offline, POP has evolved over time to provide more stability and flexibility in email systems. POP3, the most current version, operates at the application…
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TCP / IP Model
The TCP/IP model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the backbone of internet and network communication. It outlines how data is transferred between devices over a network in a four-layered structure: 1. Link Layer (Network Access Layer): This layer includes protocols that deal with the physical aspects of data transfer, including Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and hardware addressing.…
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HTTP Methods : Deep Dive
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the foundation of communication on the World Wide Web. HTTP methods, often referred to as “verbs,” define the type of action a client wants to perform on a given resource identified by a URL. These methods play a crucial role in RESTful APIs, enabling CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations.…
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Rate Limiting Compliance
Rate limiting is a fundamental technique used to control the amount of traffic sent or received by an application, API, or system within a specific time frame. By regulating how frequently requests can be made, rate limiting prevents system overloads, ensures fair usage, and provides protection against abuse or malicious activities. From a compliance standpoint,…
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LLD (Low Level Design)
Low-Level Design (LLD) is a crucial phase in the software development lifecycle where the system’s components and interactions are designed in detail. LLD focuses on the implementation of the design from a developer’s perspective, detailing class structures, databases, APIs, and algorithms. It is more granular than High-Level Design (HLD) and is critical for developers to…
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Edge Computing
Edge servers are strategically positioned nodes in a network architecture designed to bring data processing closer to end users, reducing latency and improving performance. These servers act as intermediaries between the user’s device and the core server infrastructure, often located on the edge of the network (hence the name). Edge computing optimizes the overall performance…
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High-Level Design (HLD) : YouTube
The High-Level Design (HLD) for YouTube captures the main components, services, and interactions within the system. It outlines the architecture that supports a large-scale, highly scalable, robust, and secure video-sharing platform capable of managing billions of videos and users globally. 1. System Components Overview: Client Applications: Interfaces through which users interact with YouTube (mobile apps,…
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High Level Design : UBER
Here’s a High-Level Design (HLD) for the advanced Uber system based on the components and architecture described earlier. This HLD focuses on key components, their interactions, and the overall flow of data within the system. High-Level Design for Uber System 1. System Overview: Users: Riders, Drivers, Admins. Core Modules: API Gateway, Authentication, Ride Matching, Location…
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CDN (Content Dilivery Network)
A Content Delivery Network (CDN) is a distributed network of servers designed to efficiently deliver web content to users based on their geographical location. The primary goal of a CDN is to reduce latency, increase website load times, and enhance the overall performance of web applications by caching content in multiple locations. CDNs offload traffic…