Technology9

Category: IT

  • UAT (User Acceptance Testing)

    User Acceptance Testing (UAT) is the final phase of the Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC). It ensures that the delivered system meets user requirements and is ready for deployment in a production environment. UAT focuses on validating the software from an end-user perspective, simulating real-world usage scenarios to ensure the system behaves as intended. Purpose…

  • Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC)

    An Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) is a structured agreement between a service provider and a client to ensure ongoing support and maintenance for software, hardware, or IT systems. AMCs are critical for enterprises seeking uninterrupted operations and proactive issue resolution, ensuring systems remain optimized throughout their lifecycle. Components of an AMC 1. Scope of Work…

  • System Architecture Document in SDLC

    The System Architecture Document (SAD) is an essential deliverable in the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), defining the structure, interactions, and dependencies of system components. It serves as a blueprint for the technical team to design and implement the software system in alignment with business and technical goals. This document is pivotal for ensuring scalability,…

  • Technical Requirements Document (TRD)

    The Technical Requirements Document (TRD) is a critical component in the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), specifically during the planning and design phases. It bridges the gap between business-oriented requirements (captured in an FRD or BRD) and the technical implementation by defining detailed technical specifications. TRD provides engineers, developers, and architects with precise guidelines to…

  • System Monitoring Plan (SMP)

    A System Monitoring Plan (SMP) is a critical component in the architecture and operation of any software system, especially in large-scale distributed systems. It involves the continuous surveillance of system performance, health, security, and operational behavior to ensure smooth functioning, early detection of issues, and optimal resource usage. For software engineers and Ph.D. students, designing…

  • Hyper-Threading : Concepts & Implementation

    Hyper-Threading (HT) is a technology introduced by Intel that allows a single physical processor core to appear as two logical cores to the operating system, enabling more efficient CPU resource utilization. While this technology increases the throughput of a system, it also necessitates understanding and managing system compliance and performance implications, especially in high-performance and…

  • Functional Requirements Document (FRD)

    The Functional Requirements Document (FRD) is a critical artifact in the SDLC that details the specific functional requirements of a system or application. It acts as a blueprint for stakeholders, developers, and testers by explicitly stating what the system should do. Unlike a BRD, which focuses on high-level business needs, the FRD delves into the…

  • JSON : (Data Interchange Format)

    JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-interchange format that is widely used for storing and exchanging structured information between systems. Its simplicity, flexibility, and language-agnostic design make it a cornerstone of modern web development, API design, and data serialization. JSON structures data using key-value pairs, arrays, and objects, making it both human-readable and machine-parsable.…

  • GDPR Compliance: Ensuring Data Privacy

    The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), enacted by the European Union (EU) in 2018, is a robust legal framework designed to safeguard the privacy and personal data of EU citizens. It applies to any organization, whether within the EU or not, that processes data related to individuals residing in the EU. GDPR compliance is a…

  • SOA (Service Oriented Architecture)

    Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is an architectural paradigm in which software components, called services, are designed to perform discrete units of functionality and communicate over a network. SOA promotes loose coupling, interoperability, and reusability of services across different applications and organizational boundaries. It’s widely used in enterprise environments to create scalable, flexible systems where services can…

  • Private Key Encryption

    Private key encryption, also known as symmetric encryption, is a cryptographic method where the same key is used for both the encryption and decryption processes. Unlike public key encryption, where two distinct keys are employed, symmetric encryption relies on the confidentiality of the shared secret key. This model is highly efficient, particularly for large data…

  • Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Documentation

    The SDLC process is systematically organized into distinct phases, each requiring specific documentation to ensure clarity, traceability, and quality outcomes. Below is a detailed, jargon-rich elaboration of the key documents created in each phase of the SDLC. Phase 1: Planning This foundational stage focuses on establishing the project’s scope, goals, and resource requirements. 1. Project…

  • Request for Quotation (RFQ)

    A Request for Quotation (RFQ) is a procurement process where a buyer solicits detailed pricing information, terms, and conditions from multiple suppliers for specific goods or services. RFQs are highly focused on cost and quantity rather than design or execution methodology, making them suitable for well-defined projects or products with minimal scope variation. Key Components…

  • Request for Proposal (RFP)

    A Request for Proposal (RFP) is a structured document issued by organizations to solicit proposals from potential vendors or contractors for specific projects, services, or products. It serves as a formal invitation to bid and provides a framework for evaluating and selecting the best vendor or solution. The RFP process is vital in industries like…

  • Business Requirements Document (BRD)

    A Business Requirements Document (BRD) is a formal document that captures the goals, expectations, and requirements of a business for a specific project or initiative. It acts as a guiding framework, ensuring alignment between stakeholders and the development or implementation teams. Purpose of a BRD The BRD serves as a blueprint for stakeholders to define…

  • Software Requirements Specification (SRS)

    The Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document serves as a blueprint for the development of a software system. It details all functional and non-functional requirements, ensuring alignment between stakeholders and development teams. The SRS is integral to project success, providing a foundation for design, implementation, and testing. Purpose of an SRS 1. Unambiguous Communication: Acts as…

  • Test Requirements Specification (TRS)

    The Test Requirements Specification (TRS) is a foundational document in software quality assurance, detailing the specific testing requirements for a software system or module. Its primary goal is to ensure that all necessary conditions and criteria for testing are identified and documented before development begins, serving as a roadmap for the testing phase. Purpose of…

  • SOW(Statement of Work) : SDLC Documentation

    Statement of Work (SOW) is a formal document that defines the scope, objectives, deliverables, and timelines for a project. Often used in contract negotiations, SOW ensures clarity between stakeholders, such as clients and vendors. It minimizes ambiguity by outlining project expectations in detail. In software engineering, it is critical for aligning teams, especially for large-scale…

  • HTTP Web Storage: LocalStorage and SessionStorage

    Web storage is a critical component of modern web development, offering mechanisms for client-side data storage. It enhances user experience by enabling persistent or session-based data storage directly in the browser, without involving server-side interaction. Web storage includes LocalStorage and SessionStorage, each designed for specific use cases. 1. Overview of Web Storage Web storage leverages…

  • HTTP Error Codes

    HTTP error codes, also known as status codes, indicate the result of a request made to a web server. These codes are grouped into five categories based on the type of response, and each conveys specific information to both users and developers. Below is a detailed breakdown of these types and key codes, with advanced…

  • Type 1 Hypervisor (Virtualization)

    A Type 1 hypervisor, or “bare-metal hypervisor,” is a virtualization software that runs directly on the host’s hardware, serving as an interface between physical resources and virtual machines (VMs). Unlike Type 2 hypervisors, which require a host operating system, Type 1 hypervisors operate at a lower layer, allowing direct resource management, enhanced performance, and lower…

  • Load Balancing

    Load balancing is the process of balancing the load across multiple servers in case the peak load is achieved, the load needs to be distributed across multiple servers running multiple services. The app traffic load will be distributed across multiple servers to keep the website/app running smoothly. The traffic  WILL BE DISTRIBUTED ACROSS MULTIPLE SERVERS so that the content can be served with low latency and high…

  • POP (Post Office Protocol)

    POP, or Post Office Protocol, is a protocol used by email clients to retrieve email from a remote server. Initially designed to allow users to download their emails and access them offline, POP has evolved over time to provide more stability and flexibility in email systems. POP3, the most current version, operates at the application…

  • TCP / IP Model

    The TCP/IP model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the backbone of internet and network communication. It outlines how data is transferred between devices over a network in a four-layered structure: 1. Link Layer (Network Access Layer): This layer includes protocols that deal with the physical aspects of data transfer, including Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and hardware addressing.…

  • IMAP (E-mailing Protocol Stack)SMTP (E-mailing Protocol Stack)

    IMAP, short for Internet Message Access Protocol, is a highly utilized protocol in email systems that allows users to access their email on remote mail servers. Unlike POP (Post Office Protocol), which downloads emails to a local client, IMAP offers a more sophisticated approach by enabling users to view, organize, and manipulate emails directly on…

  • HTTP Methods : Deep Dive

    HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the foundation of communication on the World Wide Web. HTTP methods, often referred to as “verbs,” define the type of action a client wants to perform on a given resource identified by a URL. These methods play a crucial role in RESTful APIs, enabling CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations.…

  • Rate Limiting Compliance

    Rate limiting is a fundamental technique used to control the amount of traffic sent or received by an application, API, or system within a specific time frame. By regulating how frequently requests can be made, rate limiting prevents system overloads, ensures fair usage, and provides protection against abuse or malicious activities. From a compliance standpoint,…

  • LLD (Low Level Design)

    Low-Level Design (LLD) is a crucial phase in the software development lifecycle where the system’s components and interactions are designed in detail. LLD focuses on the implementation of the design from a developer’s perspective, detailing class structures, databases, APIs, and algorithms. It is more granular than High-Level Design (HLD) and is critical for developers to…

  • Edge Computing

    Edge servers are strategically positioned nodes in a network architecture designed to bring data processing closer to end users, reducing latency and improving performance. These servers act as intermediaries between the user’s device and the core server infrastructure, often located on the edge of the network (hence the name). Edge computing optimizes the overall performance…

  • Material Design : Google Design Framework

    Material Design is a design language developed by Google in 2014 to create visually appealing, consistent, and user-friendly interfaces across devices and platforms. It emphasizes minimalism, depth, motion, and grid-based layouts, enhancing the user experience (UX) and user interface (UI) design for both mobile and web applications. Core Principles of Material Design 1. Material Metaphor:…

  • High-Level Design (HLD) :  YouTube

    The High-Level Design (HLD) for YouTube captures the main components, services, and interactions within the system. It outlines the architecture that supports a large-scale, highly scalable, robust, and secure video-sharing platform capable of managing billions of videos and users globally. 1. System Components Overview: Client Applications: Interfaces through which users interact with YouTube (mobile apps,…

  • High Level Design : UBER

    Here’s a High-Level Design (HLD) for the advanced Uber system based on the components and architecture described earlier. This HLD focuses on key components, their interactions, and the overall flow of data within the system. High-Level Design for Uber System 1. System Overview: Users: Riders, Drivers, Admins. Core Modules: API Gateway, Authentication, Ride Matching, Location…

  • System Design : WhatsApp

    WhatsApp is one of the most popular messaging platforms globally, enabling users to send text messages, voice notes, images, videos, and make voice and video calls. With over 2 billion active users, the system needs to be highly scalable, resilient, secure, and fast, handling a variety of message types in real-time across different devices and…

  • CDN (Content Dilivery Network)

    A Content Delivery Network (CDN) is a distributed network of servers designed to efficiently deliver web content to users based on their geographical location. The primary goal of a CDN is to reduce latency, increase website load times, and enhance the overall performance of web applications by caching content in multiple locations. CDNs offload traffic…

  • NTP (Network Time Protocol)

    The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a networking protocol used to synchronize clocks across distributed systems with high precision, ensuring consistency in transaction timestamps, logs, and operations across networked devices. Developed in the 1980s, NTP uses Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) as a reference and relies on a hierarchical structure of servers arranged in strata. Overview…

  • Cron jobs (process automation)

    A cron job is a scheduled task that automates repetitive processes in Unix-like systems using the cron daemon. It is highly useful for managing periodic operations, such as system maintenance, backups, or data syncing. Cron jobs are configured in the crontab file, which uses a precise syntax to specify task timing. Crontab Syntax and Scheduling…

  • SSH (Secure Shell Connection)

    Secure Shell (SSH) is a cryptographic protocol enabling secure remote access and management of networked systems over unsecured networks. Operating on the application layer, SSH relies on public-key cryptography to establish an encrypted tunnel between the client and server, ensuring data confidentiality and integrity during the session. Key Components of SSH 1. Authentication: SSH supports…

  • V shape Development model

    The V-Shape Development model, also known as the Verification and Validation model, is a software development methodology that emphasizes a sequential path of development phases, where each development phase has a corresponding testing phase. This model is an extension of the Waterfall model but integrates validation tasks at every stage. It is particularly useful for…

  • DNAT (Destination Network Address Translation)

    Destination Network Address Translation (DNAT) is a network protocol technique within NAT, designed to remap destination IP addresses on packets as they traverse routers or firewalls. Primarily used to expose private network services to the internet, DNAT modifies the packet’s destination address so that external clients can interact with an internal server through a public…

  • AES 256 Compliance :  Ensuring Robust Data Encryption

    AES 256 (Advanced Encryption Standard) is widely regarded as one of the most secure encryption algorithms available today, especially for protecting sensitive data. AES 256-bit encryption is the highest security level defined within the AES family, which is used globally for everything from securing government communications to encrypting personal data in cloud storage and financial…

  • System Design : YouTube

    YouTube is a video-sharing platform where users can upload, view, like, comment, and share videos. With over 2 billion monthly active users, YouTube’s architecture needs to support real-time video streaming, high availability, global distribution, user-generated content, and secure data management. This advanced system design for YouTube adheres to modern FANG (Facebook, Amazon, Netflix, Google) protocols,…

  • High Level Design : Whatsapp

    Here’s the High-Level Design (HLD) for an advanced WhatsApp system, focusing on key components and their interactions 1. System Overview: Users: WhatsApp clients (mobile, web, desktop). Core Modules: API Gateway, Authentication, Message Delivery, Push Notification, Media Management, Group Management, Data Analytics, End-to-End Encryption (E2EE), etc. Key Components and Interactions: 1. Client Applications: Purpose: Mobile apps…

  • System design : UBER

    UBER is a global ride-hailing platform that connects passengers with drivers via a mobile app. The system handles millions of users worldwide, requiring high scalability, reliability, security, and low latency. To design an Uber-like system that meets modern FANG (Facebook, Amazon, Netflix, Google) standards, we will break down the system into multiple components, focusing on…

  • Wireframing: UX Design

    Wireframing is a foundational process in user experience (UX) and interface (UI) design, used to outline the structure, layout, and functional components of a digital product. This phase provides a skeletal view, focusing on layout and interaction without the complexities of design elements like colors, fonts, or detailed visuals. For software engineers and designers, wireframes…

  • Image compression

    Image compression is a crucial process in the digital world, allowing for the reduction of image file sizes while maintaining quality, which is essential for optimizing storage, bandwidth, and performance. It involves removing redundant data from image files, using algorithms to encode image information efficiently. The process can be classified into two categories: lossless and…

  • Containerization

    Containers are an essential technology in modern software development, facilitating the deployment and management of applications across diverse environments. A container is a lightweight, stand-alone, executable package of software that includes everything needed to run an application: code, runtime, libraries, environment variables, and configuration files. This isolation ensures consistency across different stages of development, from…

  • Object-Relational Mapping (ORM)

    Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) is a programming paradigm that facilitates the interaction between object-oriented programming languages and relational databases. By abstracting SQL operations into high-level object-oriented constructs, ORM allows developers to manipulate data using native programming language objects without delving into raw SQL. Key Concepts in ORM 1. Abstraction Layer:ORM abstracts database operations like CRUD (Create,…

  • Http Headers

    HTTP headers are fundamental components of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) communication. They provide metadata for the HTTP request or response, enriching the interaction between the client (browser) and the server with critical information such as resource handling, authentication, and session control. HTTP headers play a pivotal role in optimizing web communication, ensuring security, and…

  • Typical HTTP request/ response cycle

    The HTTP request-response cycle is a fundamental mechanism in web communication, facilitating client-server interactions. Below is an advanced explanation of its components and flow: Request-Response Architecture Overview HTTP operates as a stateless protocol where the client sends requests, and the server processes and responds. Key components include: 1. HTTP Request: Generated by a client (usually…

  • Waterfall development model

    The Waterfall model is a traditional software development methodology that follows a linear, sequential approach where each phase must be completed before the next one begins. This model is highly structured and is most suitable for projects with well-defined requirements and minimal changes expected during the development lifecycle. Phases of the Waterfall Model: 1. Requirement…

  • TLS 1.2 vs TLS 1.3: A Comparative Analysis

    Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a cryptographic protocol ensuring secure communication. TLS 1.2 and TLS 1.3 represent two pivotal milestones in internet security. TLS 1.3, finalized in 2018, improves upon its predecessor with enhanced performance, robust security, and streamlined cryptographic mechanisms. Key Differences 1. Handshake Protocol TLS 1.2:Utilizes multiple round trips between the client and…

  • Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)

    An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a critical component of a cybersecurity infrastructure that actively monitors network traffic, system activities, or application behavior to detect malicious activities or policy violations. IDS helps in identifying potential threats and provides vital insights into potential breaches or vulnerabilities within a system. The system categorizes detected intrusions and alerts…

  • BFS (Breadth-First Search)

    Breadth-First Search (BFS) is a graph traversal algorithm that explores all the vertices of a graph level by level, starting from a given source vertex. BFS is often used in unweighted graphs to find the shortest path between two nodes, solve puzzles like mazes, and perform other graph-based analyses. BFS Algorithm Overview BFS uses a…