Technology9

Category: Backend Technology

  • Capacity Estimation (System Design)

    Capacity estimation is a critical aspect of software engineering, particularly in ensuring that systems and applications meet anticipated demand without compromising performance. It involves quantifying the maximum workload a system can handle efficiently. Estimation requires detailed analysis of parameters such as CPU utilization, memory usage, disk I/O, network bandwidth, and latency. Core Components of Capacity…

  • Write-heavy Systems

    In a write-heavy system, the majority of database operations involve frequent data insertions, updates, or deletions rather than reads. These systems often focus on efficient data ingestion and consistency to handle high write loads and are commonly found in applications such as logging, metrics collection, and IoT data storage, where large volumes of data are…

  • SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

    The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a core protocol in the application layer of the TCP/IP suite, facilitating the transmission of email messages between servers. Working over a reliable, connection-oriented architecture (typically TCP), SMTP orchestrates the structured relay of messages from one server (Mail Transfer Agent, or MTA) to another, ensuring dependable message delivery.…

  • SNAT (Source Network Address Translation)

    Source Network Address Translation (SNAT) is a type of NAT that enables internal devices to communicate with external networks by translating private, non-routable IP addresses to a public IP address, typically at the gateway or firewall. SNAT is used for outbound connections where internal IPs are masked behind a single public IP, which is crucial…

  • Port Address Translation (PAT)

    Port Address Translation (PAT), also known as Network Address Port Translation (NAPT), is a variant of Network Address Translation (NAT) that enables multiple devices to share a single public IP address, leveraging port numbers to differentiate between sessions. PAT Fundamentals PAT operates by modifying IP packet headers, substituting private IP addresses with a public IP…

  • Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

    Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) is a computing approach designed to quickly answer complex queries in a multidimensional dataset, primarily used for data analytics and business intelligence (BI). Unlike Online Transactional Processing (OLTP), which manages routine transactions, OLAP is optimized for analyzing and summarizing large volumes of data. Key Concepts in OLAP Multidimensional Data Models: OLAP…

  • Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)

    Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) is a high-performance approach for managing transactional data, widely used in systems requiring fast and reliable transactions, such as banking and e-commerce. OLTP systems are designed to handle a large volume of short, atomic transactions, often involving updates, inserts, or deletions of small data segments. Key Characteristics 1. Atomicity and Concurrency:…

  • JIT (just in time ) Compilation (java)

    Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation is a crucial feature in many modern runtime environments, including the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and .NET CLR, that enhances the performance of programs by converting code into native machine code at runtime. Unlike traditional compilation, which converts all code to machine language ahead of execution, JIT compiles code on the fly,…

  • Web Vitals : Vital KPIs

    Web Vitals are a set of performance metrics from Google that measure user experience on the web, focusing on loading speed, interactivity, and visual stability. For software engineers and PhD students, these metrics provide a technical lens on performance that impacts user engagement, search ranking, and overall website effectiveness. Core Web Vitals Overview 1. Largest…

  • DTR : Data Transfer Rate

    Data Transfer Rate (DTR) measures the speed at which data moves between devices or components, typically measured in bits per second (bps). It reflects the efficiency and capacity of communication systems, from network connections to hard drives, making it critical in software and systems engineering where data flow performance is key. Higher transfer rates enable…

  • Compiler (High Level Code translation)

    Compilers are essential tools in programming, designed to transform high-level code written by developers into machine-readable code that a computer’s hardware can execute. They enable languages like C, C++, and Java to be turned into efficient executable programs, making them foundational to software development. Stages of Compilation 1. Lexical Analysis: The compiler starts by breaking…

  • JVM : java virtual machine

    The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is an essential component of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), enabling Java applications to run on any device or operating system without modification. By abstracting the underlying hardware, the JVM provides a “write once, run anywhere” capability, which has made Java a versatile and widely-used language in modern software development.…

  • C++ compilers

    C++ compilers are specialized software tools that translate C++ code into machine-readable instructions, making it executable on specific hardware. They are fundamental for software development, transforming high-level C++ language into optimized, efficient binary code. Key Components of a C++ Compiler 1. Preprocessor: The first stage of the compiler, the preprocessor handles directives such as #include…

  • R/W Ratio Explained

    In computing, the R/W (Read/Write) Ratio describes the proportion of read operations to write operations in a given workload. This metric is particularly significant in databases, file systems, and networked applications, as it offers insight into workload patterns and helps determine the most efficient data storage and retrieval mechanisms. The R/W ratio is commonly analyzed…

  • Zend Engine (PHP core engine)

    The Zend Engine is the core execution engine behind PHP, powering the language’s interpretation and execution. Developed by the creators of PHP, Zend Technologies, the engine is responsible for translating PHP code into executable machine instructions, handling memory, and managing various runtime tasks essential for PHP applications. Key Components of the Zend Engine 1. Lexical…

  • Dynamically Typed Language

    A dynamically typed programming language is one where the data types of variables are determined at runtime, rather than at compile time. Unlike statically typed languages, where variable types must be explicitly defined, dynamically typed languages allow variables to hold values of any type during the program’s execution. This flexibility enables rapid development but introduces…

  • Static Typed Language

    In the world of programming languages, static typing refers to a type system where the types of variables are known at compile-time rather than at runtime. This contrasts with dynamic typing, where types are determined during execution. Static typing has significant implications for performance, code safety, and maintainability. This article will delve into the characteristics,…

  • ETL (Extract , Transform, Load)

    An ETL pipeline (Extract, Transform, Load) is a critical process in data engineering, responsible for moving, cleaning, and transforming raw data into usable formats for analytics, business intelligence, and other data-driven tasks. This process involves three main steps—Extraction, Transformation, and Loading—that ensure the efficient flow of data from source systems to data warehouses, databases, or…

  • XAMPP: Open-Source Web Development Stack

    XAMPP is a popular, cross-platform, open-source web development stack that enables developers to create, test, and deploy web applications effortlessly. The acronym XAMPP represents: Key Components: Features and Benefits: Technical Specifications: Use Cases: Security Considerations: In conclusion, XAMPP provides a robust, flexible, and open-source web development stack that streamlines the creation, testing, and deployment of…

  • Fuzzy Logic : Deep Dive

    Fuzzy Logic is A Paradigm for Handling Uncertainty and Gradation in Computational Decision-Making. Fuzzy logic, unlike classical Boolean logic, challenges the binary concept of true and false by incorporating a spectrum of truth values. In traditional logic, a statement or variable is either true or false, black or white. However, many real-world scenarios don’t fit…

  • (ctype.h) Library in C (full reference)

    The <ctype.h> library in C provides essential tools for character classification and transformation, supporting streamlined text validation, formatting, and case conversion. Its functions are optimized for efficiency, making it a core component for C developers working with user input, data validation, and text processing. Core Functions of <ctype.h> Each function in <ctype.h> operates on single…

  • Caching to drive efficiency and reduce latency

    Caching is more than a quick hack for website speed; it’s a sophisticated system for optimizing data retrieval, a hidden architecture for efficiency, and honestly, one of the most underrated innovations in computing. As a tech-savvy, socially-conscious developer, understanding caching means understanding how to balance speed, sustainability, and reliability in digital infrastructure. Let’s break it…

  • Creating, managing and scaling SNS

    Creating, managing, and scaling AWS Simple Notification Service (SNS) is essential for businesses and developers looking to implement effective messaging systems within their cloud applications. SNS is a powerful, fully managed service that allows for the seamless delivery of messages and notifications to multiple subscribers simultaneously. In this article, we will explore the detailed steps…

  • Connecting AWS EC2 with AWS SNS

    Connecting AWS EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) with AWS SNS (Simple Notification Service) enables seamless message communication between your applications. This integration allows EC2 instances to publish notifications or messages to various subscribers, enhancing your system’s efficiency and responsiveness. Here’s a concise guide to set up this connection. Step 1: Launch an EC2 Instance 1. Access…

  • Connecting AWS EC2 with AWS SQS

    Connecting AWS EC2 with AWS SQS (Simple Queue Service) enables you to create a decoupled architecture for handling messages between distributed systems. This integration allows your EC2 instances to send, receive, and process messages asynchronously, enhancing your application’s scalability and reliability. This guide provides a professional, step-by-step approach to setting up the connection between AWS…

  • Integrating EC2 with Lambda (serverless)

    Integrating EC2 Servers with Lambda Functions: A Comprehensive Guide, explore the comprehensive step by step guide. Prerequisites Connection Methods API Gateway provides a secure and scalable entry point for your application programming interface (API). Step 1: Create API Gateway Step 2: Integrate with Lambda Step 3: Connect EC2 to API Gateway SQS provides a reliable…

  • Network Layer Load balancer (NLB)

    The network layer load balancer will carry out load balancing activities in the layer 4 (transport layer OSI MODEL); the TCP and UDP connection-based load balancing will be carried out by the network layer load balancer.  In an enterprise setting, API gateways, application layer load balancers, and network layer load balancers are all utilized to effectively manage…

  • OOP : Inheritance

    Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm centered on objects and classes, OOP Ensures code reusability, modularity, and the capability to construct complex systems by leveraging existing objects and classes. Inheritance is a very vital part of object oriented approach. Inheritance empowers programmers to derive a class from another class, passing on objects, methods, properties, variables,…

  • Php (hypertext processor)

    Php (hypertext processor) is a backed high-level language that is implemented as a back-end infrastructure to carry out back-end operations. The PHP package manager is called COMPOSER. Composer contains packages that are utilized to carry out php-based development activities. Php is a general-purpose scripting language that is leveraged to develop web infrastructure. It offers both procedural and object-oriented approaches.  Major implementation…

  • Node.js

    Node.js is a Javascript runtime which is open source in nature. The node.js has both front-end and back-end capabilities; it runs on a Javascript V8 engine. Node.js is developed by OPEN JS FOUNDATION and since its inception, it has dropped many releases. Its initial release was in the year 2009. It is advised to check the official website to get more information…

  • WASM (web assembly)

    WASM is leveraged to run (HIGHLY COMPLEX APPLICATION) on THE WEB, the WASM provides the compilation target where complex applications like HD games, Photo editor, and video editor can Run on Compilation Target. WASM is a compilation target for programming languages, currently, it supports lots of popular languages. Web assembly provides a sandboxed execution environment. Applications that are written in C, C+, and JAVA programing languages need a compiler…

  • 1st Party & 3rd Party API

    Both the 1st party & 3rd party API have a lot to offer and their implementation is totally based on the use cases and business cases, here are the key differentials that make both the first party and the 3rd party API relevant for specific use cases and business cases. Both the API types be…